MY RESUME MATERIAL OF ENGLISH [SEMESTER 1]

 Hello gayss....

Wellcome to my blog ❤

➤ Introduction

Ø  Definition and Function Introduction

The word for introduction in Indonesian is perkenalan. As a general rule, an introduction is the act of introducing yourself or another person (a friend, family member, or coworker) to someone with whom you are communicating for the first time. In the introduction, you can find confidential information about your name, occupation, education, place of employment, daily schedule, salary, and other activities.

Ø Introduction: Formal & Informal Greetings

It is necessary to use the salutation " regards "  or  " greeting " as a pendent before beginning any activity in communication.

Formal Salutation.

Formal greetings are used in formal settings, such as weddings or the first time meeting someone.

1. Good morning, afternoon, evening, or day (Good morning/afternoon/evening/depending on the time of day) - This formal salutation is used to replace the word "hello" according to the time of day. 'Good morning' is used before noon, 'good afternoon' is used after noon, 'good evening' is used after six o'clock, and 'good day' can be used in situations whether it is day or night.

2. How are you? What's up, sir? - This phrase is frequently used in formal settings, with the default response being "very nicely, thank you."

3. It's nice to meet you. Sentenced to join you. - It can be used when meeting someone for the first time, but it can also be used in less formal situations, such during the first meeting of the raptor class.

4. How are things? [Bagaimana kabarmu] - The opening sentence asks the person's name after they have previously said "hi" or "good morning/afternoon/evening/day."

Informal Greeting

A casual greeting is typically used in social situations when people are talking to friends, family, or acquaintances. Compared to formal greetings, informal greetings are more varied and plentiful.

1. Hello. (Hai.) -'Hai' has the same meaning as 'hello,' which is commonly used.

2. Hiya. (Hai.) -Aside from 'hello,' other greetings are commonly used in English.

3. Hello (there!) Hei, (there!) -Another variation of 'hello' that is more formal and pleasant.

4. How are things going? (How are you?) -This is an informal way of asking someone's name and is commonly used as a substitute for 'hello'.

5. How are you doing? (How are you?) -Once again, this is a method for asking someone's birthday and is something that is commonly expressed in English.

6. Are you all right? Kau (only a hint?) -This is a common phrase used to describe someone in the United Kingdom.

7. 'Sup. (What is it.) -This is a gaul phrase that means 'what's up.' Many people will use the phrase 'what's up,' however it is increasingly being shortened to'sup'.

8. Yo. (What is it.) -This is a more common way to say "hey, what's up" in the United States, and it is a different way to say "hey, what's up."

9. How are things going? (How are you?) -Instead of asking a more formal question such as 'How are you?', many people use a less formal approach.

10. It's been a long time since we've seen each other. (Long time no see.) -This phrase is typically used when meeting with people whom you have not before met.

Greeting Response

Example of a Phrase

Please introduce yourself (Introduce myself)

1. Good day, my name is Rio. (Hello, my name is Rio.)

2. My name is Risma. It's a pleasure to meet you. (I'm Risma. Pleased to meet you.)

3. I don't believe we've ever met. I'm Lia.

(I don't think we've ever met. I'm Lia.)

4. Please allow me to introduce myself. Hello, my name is Heri.

(Let me introduce myself. My name is Heri.)

5. Please allow me to introduce myself. My name is Reza.

(I would like to introduce myself. My name is Reza.)

6. Please allow me to introduce myself. My name is Saskia.

(Allow me to know myself. My Saskia.)

Introducing additional individuals (Improve the lives of others)

1. I'd like to introduce you to Gery.

(I would like to meet with Gery.)

2. This is Mira, Risma.

(Is Mira, Risma.)

3. Please allow me to present you to my brother.

(I'd like to express my gratitude to you.)

4. Hello, Erna. My cousin's name is Lisa. This is Erna, my friend, Lisa.

(Hello, Erna. Lisa, this my cousin Lisa, this is Erna.)

5. Allow me to present you to my mum.

(I'd like to express my gratitude to you, my brother.)

6. My sister is an interpreter.

(My sister works as an interpreter)

7. My father works as a tailor.

(My father is a tailor.)

Examples of Introduction in Text & Dialogue

Contoh Teks 1: Short text of introduction self

Let me introduce myself. My name is Rani Ratnasari. You can call me Rani. I am from Jakarta. I am a student of SMA Taruna Mandiri Jakarta. I go to school by my bicycle. I like swimming and travelling. I usually go to swimming pool on Sunday morning. Talking about books, I have many books about English. I want to be an English teacher in the future. My favourite food and drink are fried chicken and manggo juice.

Contoh Tekt 2: Long text of introduction self

Hello! My name is Farah Farce and I am a student. I’m 17 years old. I’m the owner of Farce Online Shop.  It’s an online shop that sells original goods from abroad, but I produce my own product as well.

I do the same things every day. I go to the campus and give seminars in many different places about how to be a successful young entrepreneur. In the evening, I watch television, listen to music, read magazines, and check my online shop.

In Jakarta, we don’t go to school at weekends. So, on Saturdays, I usually go shopping in the morning or in the afternoon. In the evening, I often go to the cinema or meet up with my friends. It’s little bit different on Sundays. On Sunday mornings, my family and I usually have breakfast together. A little while later, my father and brother will watch soccer game on television. My sister and I don’t like soccer, so we go for a walk with mom on Sunday afternoons.

In the evening, I usually recheck the orders of my online shop. I go to bed at 11 p.m. I usually wake up early so I set my alarm clock to 4 a.m.

Contoh Dialog: Introduction self

Agan: “Hi! My name is Agan. I am from East Java. What is your name?”

Eka: “Hi, Agan. My name is Eka Titosari.”

Agan: “Where are you from Eka?”

Eka: “I am from West Java.”

Agan: “Oh, really? Nice to meet you.”

Eka: “It’s nice to meet you, too.”

Agan: “By the way, what do you do, Eka?”

Eka: “I’m a nurse at Fatmawati Hospital. How about you?”

Agan: “I’m an editor.”

Eka: “That looks like a fdifficult job.”

Agan: “Well, sometimes.”

Contoh Teks: Introduction others

Hello, Mariska! Let me introduce myself. My name is Eve. I know your name from my friend, May. She told me that you sent her an email telling her that you would like to have more pen pals from the US. I’d really like to be your E-pal. I want to tell about myself first. I’m 17 years old and I attend Thomas Edison High School here in Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA. I have two brothers and two half sisters and I’m the middle child. My father died a few years ago so my mother runs the house and the family business. My father was a barista. I have lots of hobbies. I like music – mostly classical music and folk music – but I don’t play an instrument. I like sports, especially tennis and basketball. At school I’m in the basketball team and I spend most of my extra-curricular time playing basket ball. I’m into animals very much My sister and I have three dogs. They need lots of attention as you can imagine. My favorite subjects at school are art and geography. I think I’d like to become a park ranger when I graduate, perhaps work for the National Park Service. I don’t like reading but I love drawing and painting. How about you? Please drop me a line, Mariska! Can’t wait to hear from you!

Contoh Dialog: Introduction others

Myranda: “Sarah, this is my friend, Thomas. I told you about him at our earlier lunch. He will be the next project manager.”

Sarah: “Oh, I see. Lala told me a lot about you. It’s nice meeting you in person. I’m Sarah. How do you do?”

Berny: “Hello, Sarah. It’s nice to finally meet you, too. I am doing great.”

➤ Simple Future Tense

    A. Definition Simple Future Tense

Simple future tense is a tenses used to describe a situation that has not yet occurred and will occur in the future. The use of the words will, shall, and going to can change the meaning of a sentence in the simple future tense. Simple future tense is also used to express a prediction or a thought.

    B. The Simple Future Tense formula

In the simple future tense, the main task (V1) will be carried out by the auxiliary verb will or the phrasal modal be going to. Consider the following variant of the basic future tense formula :

notes:

will not can be shortened to won't

shall not can be shortened to shan't

Example of sentences:

•    I will be a teacher
•  He will not join our sport club
•  I am going to paint my bedroom tomorrow
• She is not going to read that book tomorrow
• We shall not stay here
• Shall we go to Lombok next week?

C. Adverb of Time

Adverbs of time are very important to know so that Grameds can determine which tenses the sentence uses. The following is a description of the time that is generally used in the simple future tense :

•         Tomorrow
•      Later

•         Next week

•         The day after tomorrow

•         By and by

•         Tonight

•         Soon

•         Next year

•         Next month

It's actually quite easy to remember the timestamp. The time of the event that "will happen" or "happens later" is a future tense sentence. For example, in this morning, in this evening, in this afternoon can be used as a description of the future tense if the context of that time has not happened and will happen. 

D. Use of the Simple Future Tense

1.     Declare an event that will occur in the future.

1.     I will take school examination next week.

2.     Danny will be 17 years old next month.

3.     We will arrive at Soekarno-Hatta International Airport at 09.00 a.m.1. 

2. Declare something that has been decided to do.

·        I am going to gym on Friday.

·        She is going to attend the party .

·        They will visit their friends in Solo.

3.     Declare an offer/request/invitation to other people.

·        Will you help me to bring this bag?

·        Will you come in, please!

·        Will you come to my house tomorrow morning?

   4.   Expressing a decision to do something without a plan.

·        Nanda : This letter is in French, and I don’t speak a word in French. Can you help me?

Lois : Sure, I will translate it for you.

·        Wait a minute, I will bring you a medicine

  5.   Expressing an emotion or feeling

·        He will be angry

·        My mom will love her new car

·        Ana will be sad if you say that

 E. The difference between Will, Shall, and Going to

Broadly speaking, the words will, shall, and going to have the same meaning, which means "will". However, in some circumstances the word can also have different meanings based on the context.

Will/Shall

Will digunakan untuk subjek I, You, We, They, He, She, dan It.

Shall is used for the subject I, We.

Expresses a desire and an unwillingness (definite possibility).

Stating a fact or general truth.

Stating a promise or offering yourself spontaneously.

 Example of sentences:

·        I will come to your birthday party tonight.

·        He will not buy a pencil tomorrow.

·        I shall study tonight.

·        You look so tired, shall I call the doctor?

·        Family will always be here whenever you need them.

          Going to

Can be used for subjects I, You, We, They, He, She, and It.

Using to be am/is/are after the subject, for example: I am going to…, She is going to…Expressing a desire but only limited to the (intention).

Example sentences:

·        I am going to your birthday party tonight

·        She is going to be a teacher

·        My mom is going to buy vegetables at supermarket.

   ➤ GRAMMAR

Ø Definisi Grammar

Grammar bahasa Inggris adalah sistem atau aturan yang dijadikan sebagai “acuan” untuk menyusun kalimat.

Ø Perbedaan Tenses dan Grammar

Grammar adalah tata bahasa atau struktur yang digunakan dalam membentuk kalimat, sedangkan tenses adalah bagian dari grammar, yaitu kategori tata bahasa yang menekankan pada perubahan bentuk verb untuk menunjukkan waktu dari sebuah aktivitas atau keadaan.

Ø Komponen Dasar Tata Bahasa dalam Bahasa Inggris

Dalam bahasa Inggris, ada 3 komponen tata bahasa yang perlu diketahui, yaitu Etymology, Orthography, dan Syntax.

a. Etymology

Etymology dalam bahasa Inggris merupakan tata cara tentang cara penyusunan huruf-huruf yang tepat ke dalam sebuah kata. Kata-kata dalam bahasa Inggris dalam Etymology dikelompokkan menjadi 8 bagian, yaitu noun, adjective, verb, pronoun, adverb, preposition, conjunction, dan interjection.

b. Orthography

Orthography merupakan tata cara ejaan suatu bahasa atau bunyi bahasa suatu tulisan. Orthography adalah materi yang meliputi masalah ejaan, kapitalisasi, pemenggalan kata, serta tanda baca.

 Adapun materi yang diajarkan adalah:

•       Letter (huruf), merupakan lambang dari bunyi atau dalam arti yang lain disebutkan bahwa letter adalah tanda goresan yang diucapkan atau dibunyikan.
•    Word, merupakan rangkaian dari huruf-huruf yang membentuk sebuah arti, misalnya: take (mendapatkan), year (tahun).
•     Syllable (suku kata), merupakan bagian-bagian dari sebuah kata yang dapat langsung diucapkan, misalnya glass, book, clever.

Syllable dapat dikelompokkan lagi menjadi 4 jenis, yaitu :

• ·      Monosyllable: kata-kata yang terdiri dari satu suku kata saja, contoh: book, bring, think, broom, clean, make, etc.

  ·    Disyllable: kata-kata yang terdiri dari dua suku kata, contoh: crazy, lazy, happy, like, etc.

  ·     Trisyllable: kata-kata yang terdiri atas tiga suku kata, contoh: remember, happiness,

  · Polysyllable: kata-kata yang terdiri dari empat suku kata atau lebih, contoh: determined, allocation, responsible, etc.

c. Syntax

Syntax ialah bagian dari tata bahasa yang mempelajari tentang proses pembentukan sebuah kalimat. Secara umum, syntax merupakan aturan grammar pada kata atau klausa dalam membentuk kalimat.

 

Materi dalam Syntax meliputi contoh part of speech seperti verb, noun, subject hingga pembentukan struktur kalimat majemuk. Biasanya Syntax ditandai dengan bentuk tree diagram dan simbol. Kegunaannya adalah untuk memudahkan penamaan part of speech ketika ditelaah satu persatu.

Tree diagram dapat dibuat jika kita mampu membandingkan antara kata, frasa, dan klausa. Ketiga hal tersebut dapat membantu kamu dalam menganalisis setiap bagian yang berpotensi dalam membentuk kalimat yang sempurna.

Komponen Umum dalam Grammar

a. Sentence

Dalam bahasa Inggris, sebuah sentence dianggap lengkap jika memiliki subject dan predicate. Sentence bisa dilengkapi juga dengan object. Selanjutnya dalam subject bisa menggunakan noun dan pronoun. Sementara itu, predicate bisa menggunakan verb atau adjective.

b. Noun & Pronoun

Noun adalah kata benda atau kata yang mewakili suatu benda hidup dan benda mati.Selain itu, nama orang, hewan, atau tempat juga termasuk dalam noun.

Sedangkan pronoun adalah kata ganti orang dan benda, yang meliputi kata ganti tunggal dan kata ganti jamak. Contoh dari pronoun adalah sebagai berikut :

1. Kata Ganti Orang Pertama (Tunggal) :

• Subject Pronoun: “I”
• Object Pronoun: “Me”
• Possessive Adjective Pronoun: “My”
• Possessive Pronoun: “Mine”
• Reflexive Pronoun: “Myself”

2. Kata Ganti Orang Kedua (Tunggal) :

• Subject Pronoun: “You”
• Object Pronoun: “You”
• Possessive Adjective Pronoun: “Your”
• Possessive Pronoun: “Yours”
• Reflexive Pronoun: “Yourself”

c. Be

Be atau To Be adalah kata sambung untuk menyatukan kata noun/pronoun dengan verb, adjective, ataupun dengan kata noun/pronoun lainnya. Tanpa be atau pun to be, kata-kata tidak akan bisa membentuk sebuah kalimat, walaupun be atau to be sendiri tidak memiliki arti.

Contoh dari be atau to be adalah sebagai berikut :

• “I” – “am” – “was”
• “You” – “are” – “were”

d. Verb

Verb adalah kata kerja. Berdasarkan waktu penggunaannya, ada empat jenis verb, yakni V1, V2, V3, dan Ving.

• V₁: kata kerja dasar, contoh: study, write, swim
• V₂: kata kerja untuk bentuk simple past, contoh: studied, wrote, swam
• V₃: kata kerja untuk bentuk past participle dan past perfect. Bentuknya bisa serupa V₂, bisa juga berbeda sama sekali, misalnya studied, written, swum
• V_ing: kata kerja untuk bentuk simple present, verbal adjective/noun, contoh: studying, writing, swimming

e. Adjective

Adjective adalah kata yang digunakan untuk mendeskripsikan apa yang ditangkap oleh panca indera, mulai dari penampilan, suara, rasa, kesan, hingga bau. Contoh kata-kata adjective, yaitu: beauty, handsome, tall, short, ect.

f. Tenses

Tenses adalah metode tata bahasa (grammar) dalam Bahasa Inggris yang berbasis pada kata kerja (verb). Tenses biasanya digunakan untuk menunjukkan waktu atau keadaan suatu tindakan pada saat suatu kalimat diucapkan.

Tenses dibedakan berdasarkan konteks waktu dan keadaan. Tenses berdasarkan konteks waktu, yaitu:

• Past (lampau): yang dilakukan sebelum saat ini.
• Present (sekarang): yang dilakukan saat ini, atau apa saja yang berkaitan dengan saat ini.
• Future (masa depan): yang dilakukan setelah saat ini.

Sedangkan tenses berdasarkan konteks keadaan, yaitu:

• ·        Continuous (berkelanjutan): tindakan yang belum selesai dilakukan.
• ·        Perfect (sempurna): tindakan yang sudah selesai dilakukan.

➤ GETTING TO KNOW  YOU

Contain information

1.      Name ( “what is your name ?”,”what is your nickname?”)

2.      Age (“How old are you?”)

3.      Adress (“where do you live?” “Where are you from?”)

4.      Hoby (“What is your hobby?”)

5.      Likes and dislikes. 

➤  DAILY ROUTINE ACTIVITIES

Daily activity is an activity that is carried out everyday or is also called our daily routine.Usually this activity is done repeatedly at the same time almost every day.

Daily Activity using ;

• Ø  Simple Present Tense

                   Patter          

Example

I stay with my friends in a boarding house. I wake up at 5 o’clock in the morning. Then,I wash my face and subuh pray.After that, I buy food and drink for my breakfast. I usually buy one pack of yellow rice with vegetable and meat inside. In the boarding house, I eat yellow rice as my breakfast. After having breakfast, I clean my room and take a bath.When I have morning class, I go to campus and study in the class. I often wait for a next class in the campus. I occasionally have my lunch at canteen in my campus.Sometimes, I wait in boarding house friend while doing some tasks. I always try to finish all tasks before due date. I usually go home at 3 o’clock and take a rest. I buy food for dinner . Finally, I go to bed at 11 to 12 p.m. when all tasks are finish.

Example 

I wake up at 5 o’clock in the morning

S V1                      O

     ➤ SIMPLE PAST TENSE

The simple past tense is a sentence that is used to tell about events that happened in the past and finished or ended in the past as well.

What are the characteristics of the simple past tense?

1. In the simple past tense, use verb 2 which indicates activities that occurred in the past, or use to be was/were.

2. Using past form time signals such as last night, yesterday, etc.

3. Using regular and irregular verbs. 

Pattern

S + V1 + O

Example

I ate ramen last week                    V2= ate                       v1=eat

I cleaned my room                        V2 = cleaned               v1= clean

    ➤ SUFFIKS

Is a word part that is added at the end of a word that conditions its usageand meaning. Purpose knowing will help us modifying or even changing the class of the word (noun,verb,adjective,adverb)

Example

Happy (adj) + -ness  = Happines (noun)

Ø  Kind of Suffixes 

1.      Noun Suffixes

Is when a word undergoes a change in word class to become a noun or noun, by being given a suffix at the end of the word.

Noun Suffixes	Example
-eer	Auctioneer,volunteer,engineer,profiteer
-er	Helper,teacher,dancer
-ion	Celebration,opinion,decision,revision
-ity	Probabality,equality,civility
-ment	Movement,establishment
-ness	Fondness,darkness,happiness
-or	Translator,conductor

2.      Adjective Suffixes

Is when a word undergoes a change in word class to become an adjective, with a suffix given at the end of the word.

Adjective Suffixes	Example
-ant	Brilliant
-ary	Military,honorary,planetary
-ful	Wonderful,grateful,beautiful
-y	Fruity,tasty,brainy
-ive	Creative,expensive,expressive
-less	Hopeless,fearless,restless
-ful	Grateful,beautiful,
-ic	Iconic,organic,heroic

3.      Verb Suffixes

Is when a word undergoes a change in word class to become a verb or verb, with a suffix given at the end of the word.

Verb Suffixes	Example
-ed	Laughed,climbed,called
-en	Soften,fasten,lengthen
-er	Faster,bigger,longer
-ize	Authorize,memorialize
-ify	Modify,objectify,clarify

4.      Adverb Suffixes

Is when a word undergoes a change in word class to become an adverb or adverb, with a suffix given at the end of the word.

Adverb Suffixes	Example
-ly	Bravely,simply,honestly
-ward	Backward,awkward
-wise	Clockwise,otherwise,edgewise

    ➤ LISTENING

Listening Comprehension (listening) is a standard test that aims to test your English skills in understanding spoken language. The Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) itself is an international test standard used to measure your English proficiency.

This test is usually about three hours long and is divided into four parts, namely grammar structure and written expression, reading comprehension, writing, and TOEFL listening comprehension.

  ➤ CAPTION

Ø  Definition

Captions is words that are printed below a picture,cartoon,etc,that explain or describe it.

Ø  Types of captions

1.      Identification

This type of caption text is usually used to describe or identify each person in the photo, but does not explain a story. The focus on this type of identification caption text is on clarity.

2.      Group Caption

Group Captions are usually used to describe many images. This caption should have at least two sentences per image and include citations whenever possible. The group caption should be clear about which image each caption describes.

3.      Story Telling-Caption

Story-telling captions are an ideal type of caption and can be used at any time if possible. This type of caption will tell a story behind the existing image. By using this type of caption, it will usually be more interesting to read.

4.      Summary

For this type of caption summary, it usually contains an explanation of the subject in the image, the activities carried out in the image, the time of the incident, the location of the incident and the reasons why the activity was carried out.( who,doing what,when,where,why)

5.      Quote

Quote caption means that it contains a sentence quote from someone who is in the picture.

6.      Cutline

Cutline type captions are the most often found in images and writings listed in newspapers and media, both offline and online media. The cutline caption describes the subject in the image and what the subject is doing.(who is doing what ).

7.      Expanded

The expanded caption type is the type of caption with the most complete information. True to the name of the type, this expanded caption text is a development of the previous text, especially of the caption summary.

Ø  Caption text is written in simple present tense sentences. This is because simple present tense sentences are easier for readers to understand, so the message will be easily conveyed.

Ø  Generic Structure Caption

1.      Title

2.      Lead

3.      Section Heading

 

      READING

1.      Reading strategies

1.      Predicting/Previewing

There are many specific strategies that are used when we read for the main idea.These can signal important main ideas and give us an idea og the gist of selection.Read headlines ,ilustrations,captions

2.      Skimming

Skimming means reading quickly to determine topic or subject matter of thought in reading. Using this technique,You can predict the purpose of writing the text, the topic of reading, and the subject matter main thoughts

3.      Scanning

Scanning refers to reading quickly to find factual information present in the text scanning with respect to searches detailed information such as name, place description, time description, word keys, things related to numbers. This technique can be used To answer questions related to who, what, how long, where, when, how much, how far.

4.      Finding main idea

Think about the meaning of the whole text.Try to identify a these that connects each sentence.Look for examples that might explain the topic.Dont focus on indivudual words.

5.      Inference

Look at verbs,adjectives and adverbs.Decided if adjectives are positive or negative.Decide how ideas relate to each other.Try to imagine what is happening.Look for clues like a detective.

    ➤  MAKING INFERENCE SUMMARIZING PARAPHRASING

2.      Inference

Inference is a conclusion reached on the basis of evidence and reasoning.When you make an inference,you use all of the information that you have available at a time to guess what is “behind” the literal information of a text in other words,you go beyond what is stated explicitly in the text to infer the intended message by paying attention to certain “clues”.

3.      Summarizing

Summarizing is a powerful reading strategy.It increases comprehension and retention of information.When you summarize,you restate the most important.

information of a text,using your own words.Summarizing is keeping,deleting,paraphrasing.

4.      Paraphrasing

Put something into your own words.

     ➤ GENERIC STRUCTURE OF TEXT

Ø  Narrative text

Narrative text is a type of text that tells a chronological story in the past tense. Narrative text tells imaginative stories or real stories that are modified, and are arranged through a sequence of events that occurred in the past.Unreal story. The aim of narrative text is to entertain the readers through the amusing story.

1.      Kinds of Narrative Text

1)      Legend ,tells the origin of a place whose truth is still uncertain.

2)      Myth,telling mythical things.

3)      Fairy tale,stories about the fairy world.

4)      Folktale, can be called an unreal imaginary fairy tale.

5)      Fable, Stories Whose Characters Are Animals

6)      Science fiction, Stories about science and technology that go beyond reality

7)      Mysteries, a story about solving the problem of a mystery

2.      Generic Structure

1)      Orientation

In this part,it will introduce the characters in the story.it can be name,place,etc.It is usually occur in the first of paraghraph.

2)      Complication

It is increasing the problem. It can call climax of the story when the crisis is rising up.

3)      Resolution

It is time to slove the problem. It usually call anti-climax,it means that problem canbe solved,even bad or good ending.

 

Ø  Recount Text

Recount text is a text that is telling the reader about one story, action, or activity.History experience biography.

 

Generic Structure

1)      Orientation

Tells who was involved,what happened,where the events took place,and when it happened. With orientation,background information answering who?when?where?why?.

2)      Events

Tell what happened and in what sequence. Events are identified and described in chronological order. 

1)      Reorientation

Consists of optional-closure of events/ending,concluding comments express a personal opinion regarding the events describe.

 

Ø  Report Text

Report is a text which presents information about something, as it is. It is as a result of systematic observation and analyses.

 

Generic Structure

1)      General Classification

Stating classification of general aspect of thing; animal, public place, plant, etc which will be discussed in general.

2)      Description

Tells what the phenomenon under discussion ; in terms of parts, qualities, habits or behaviors.

 

Ø  Descriptive Text

Descriptive Text is a text which says what a person or a thing is like. Its purpose is to describe and reveal a particular person, place, or thing.

Generic Structure

1)      Identification

Introducing where or who is the subject is being describe.

2)      Description

Describes parts,qualities,and the characteristic of the person,place or thing to be describe.

 

Ø  Prosuder Text

A piece of text that gives us instructions for doing something. The purpose of a procedure text type is to explain how something can be done such as directions, recipes, instruction manual, and itineraries.

Generic Structure

1)      Goal or Aim

States what is to be done/showing the purpose.

2)      Materials

Listed in order of use,includes items needed to complete task/telling the needed materials.

3)      Method

A series of steps to achieve the purpose.

 

Ø  Explanation Text

Explanation text is a piece of non-fiction writing explaining an action process or event in a detailed but simple way.

Generic Structure

1)      General Statement

Describes or identifies the phenomenon.

1)      Sequenced Explanation

A series of statements that tell how or why the feature or process changes. Words should show cause and effect.

2)      Conclusion

A conclusion sums up the explanation and talks about its applications may also give examples.

 

Ø  Hortatory Exposition

Hortatory exposition is a type of spoken or written text that is intended to explain the listeners or readers that something should or should not happen or be done.

Generic Structure

1)      Thesis

Statement or announcement of issue concern.

2)      Arguments

Reasons for concern that will lead to recommendation

3)      Recommendation

Statement of what should or should not happen or be done based on the given arguments.

 

Ø  Analytical Exposition

Analytical exposition is a type of spoken or written text that is intended to persuade the listeners or readers that something is the case.

Generis Structure

1)      Thesis

Introduces topic and indicates writer’s position.

2)      Arguments

Restates main arguments outlines in preview.Develops and supports each argument.

3)      Reiteration

A conclusion summing up the arguments.

 

Ø  Discussion Text

Discussion Text is a text that presents a problematic discourse. In other words, this discourse raises the pros and cons in society.

Generic Structure

1)      Issue

Stating or introducing  the issue which is to discussed.

2)      Argument Pro

Presenting the point in supporting the presented issues.

3)      Argument Contra

Presenting other points which disagree to the supporting point.

4)      Conclusion

Starting the writer recommendation of the discourse.

Ø  News Item

is an English text that tells an important event or events in a form resembling news, or worthy of being made into news (news).

Generic Structure

1)      Newsworthy event

is a paragraph that contains a summary of an event, aka an important event that is a highlight to convey to the reader.

2)      Backgroud

This background event contains the background of the events that occurred. Starting from what and who was involved, where, when, why, and how the event happened.

3)      Source

That is, the section containing the opinions of experts or eyewitnesses. In addition, it can also be in the form of comments from various other parties involved.

Ø  Review Text

Review text is a type of text in English that contains reviews, evaluations, reviews, or ratings of a product. In this case, the product can refer to many things, ranging from publications in the form of books, movies, music, videos, etc.

Generic Structural

1)      Orientation

Give background information e.g.title,author,work,setting and a briet synopsis.

2)      Interpretative Recount

Summary or plot at the work.

3)      Evalution

Evaluation of the work by giving an opinion or making a recommendation.

   ➤   COMPARISON DEGREE

Comparison Degree is a term in English grammar to indicate comparison. In a Comparison Degree, adjective or adverb will change shape according to the level of comparison.

1.      Positive Degree

In positive degrees, the two things compared are at the same or comparable level, therefore it is used as adjective/adverb as. For example, "You are as pretty as her."

2.      Comparative Degree

In comparative degrees, one of the two things compared has a 'more' nature than the other, therefore adjective/adverb + -er or more + adjective/adverb is used. For example, "You are prettier than her."

3.      Superlative Degree

In superlative degrees, the thing being talked about has the 'most' nature among others, therefore adjective/adverb + -est or most + adjective/adverb is used. For example, "You are the prettiest girl in school."

    ➤  SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE

Simple future tense is a tense to describe an event that has not yet started and will occur in the future. Sentences in the simple future tense can be characterized by the use of the words will, shall, and going to. Simple future tense is also used to express a prediction or desire.

Pattern

Subject+will/shall+V1+Object

Subject + to be (am/is/are) going to + V1

Pattern

  Example I will take school examination next week.

 ➤  Social expression

dalam Bahasa Indonesia adalah ekspresi sosisal. Social expression adalah kegiatan yang berhubungan dengan lingkunngan di sekitar kita, kita dapat berinteraksi dengan orang-orang disekitar kita menggunakan beberapa dari social expression yang ada di bawah berikut ini ya gessssss

1.     Offering Service/Help (Menawarkan Bantuan atau menawarkan jasa)

Biasanya offering service ini digunakan kita untuk menawarkan bantuan kita kepada orang yang membutuhkan, misalnya ada tetangga kita yang sedang kesulitan dalam melakukan sesuatu, naahhhh disini saya ada sedikit contoh nih dari offering service atau help

·        Can I help you?

(adakah yang bisa saya bantu?)

·        What can I do for you?

(apakah ada yang bisa saya lakukan untuk anda?)

·        Can I do something for you?

(apakah aku perlu melakukan sesuatu untukmu?)

 Nahhh kalo tadi kita menawarkan bantuan kepada orang lain, sekarang

 Adalah saatnya kita menjawab tawaran yang di berikan kepada seseorang.

Respon kita terhadap orang lain yang memberikan tawaran berupa bantuan atau jasa ada dua macam yaitu kita bisa menerima tawaran itu (Accepting Service/Help) dan menolaknya (Refusing Service/Help) ingat gesss menolaknya dengan sopan dan halus yaaaa…

    Accepting Service/Help (Menerima jasa/Bantuan)

        Thank you.

        That’s very kind of you.

        Thanks (very much).

        Lovely.

    Refusing Service/Help (Menolak Jasa/Bantuan)

        No, thank you.

        That’s very kind of you, but …

        Thank you for offering, but …

        No, it’s all right, really.

        No, really, I can manage (thanks).

Example:

Mr. George is cleaning his garden. He uses many gardening tools such as sickle, hoe, spade, and big scissors. Billy is offering a help.

Billy            : “what are you doing, Dad”

Mr.George  : “I am going to plant some vegetables”

Billy            : “can I help you?” (offering)

Mr. George : “yes, please clean the soil from the grass after I hoe” (accepting)

Billy            : “Certainly, Dad”

 ➤ Past Perfect Tense

  Pengertian/Definisi Past Perfect Tense

Past perfect tense adalah perubahan bentuk kata kerja untuk menyatakan bahwa ada suatu kejadian atau aksi yang telah selesai pada suatu titik di masa lalu, sebelum ada aksi lainnya (di masa lampau juga) terjadi. Nah, biasanya, momen “aksi lainnya” ini bisa diceritakan secara spesifik.

Aksi yang telah selesai di masa lampau itu dapat terjadi berulang kali maupun hanya sekali. Selain itu, kamu juga bisa gunakan tenses ini untuk bercerita tentang suatu peristiwa yang telah terjadi di masa lalu dan selesai juga di masa lalu.

Bagi kamu pembaca setia blog English Academy, tentu akan menyadari kalau bentuk kalimat past perfect tense bisa digunakan untuk membuat conditional sentence tipe ketiga dan reported speech.

Rumus/Formula Past Perfect Tense

Tahukah kamu, pada dasarnya, past perfect tense adalah gabungan antara simple past tense dengan present perfect tense. Nah, yang menjadi ciri khas dari tenses satu ini adalah adanya auxiliary verb “had”.

“Had” adalah bentuk lampau dari have/has yang digunakan dalam present perfect tense. Yuk, lihat rumus lengkapnya di bawah ini!

Contoh Past Perfect Tense dalam Berbagai Pola Kalimat

Berikut contoh kalimat past perfect tense berdasarkan rumus di atas:

    (+) When I arrived in Jakarta, Rara had already returned to Bandung. (Ketika Jakarta, Rara sudah kembali ke Bandung.)

    (-) She had not studied Japanese before she moved to Japan. (Dia tidak belajar bahasa Jepang sebelum dia pindah ke Jepang.)

    (?) Had your father watched the movie before they gone home? (Apakah ayahmu sudah menonton film ketika mereka pulang?)

Fungsi dan Penggunaan Past Perfect Tense beserta Contoh Kalimatnya

Seperti tenses yang lain, past perfect tense memiliki berbagai fungsi yang bisa kita gunakan untuk melakukan percakapan dengan orang lain dalam berbagai situasi.

1. Menyatakan suatu tindakan atau aksi yang sudah selesai

Seperti yang sudah kita bahas di bagian definisi, fungsi utama tense ini adalah untuk dapat menyatakan suatu peristiwa yang telah terjadi dan selesai di masa lampau sebelum ada momen lampau lainnya yang terjadi.

Pada fungsi ini, kamu perlu menyisipkan subordinate conjunction seperti:

    After (simple past tense + after + past perfect tense)

    Before, by the time, when (past perfect tense + before / by the time / when + simple past tense).

Nah, subordinate conjunction ini merupakan bagian dari adverb of time yang menjadi ciri khas dari past perfect tense. Perhatikan contoh berikut:

    She had left the scene when the ambulance arrived. (Dia telah meninggalkan tempat kejadian ketika ambulans tiba.)

    They had played football in that field before it started to rain. (Mereka telah bermain sepak bola di lapangan itu sebelum hujan turun.)

    The plane had left by the time I got to the airport. (Pesawatnya sudah pergi saat saya tiba di bandara.)

    I helped him to do the task after I had finished my work. (Saya membantunya mengerjakan tugas setelah saya menyelesaikan pekerjaan saya.)

    2. Menunjukkan seberapa seringnya suatu aksi terjadi

Past perfect juga dapat kita gunakan untuk menunjukkan intensitas sebuah momen yang terjadi di masa lampau.

Nah, ada yang spesial, guys. Time signal yang bisa kamu pakai untuk fungsi ini adalah adverbial of frequency yang sering kita temukan di simple present tense. Rumusnya menjadi seperti ini:

Adverb of frequency (Twice/two times/three times/everyday/every two days/etc., + before + simple past tense)

Perhatikan pada contoh berikut:

    I had read the book two times before I watched the movie. (Saya telah membaca buku itu tiga kali sebelum saya menonton film-nya.)

    She had learned twice before the test. (Dia telah belajar dua kali sebelum ujian.)

3. Menyatakan suatu harapan

Apakah kamu termasuk orang yang suka berharap dan membuat angan-angan? Jika iya, yuk, coba membuat harapan menggunakan past perfect tense. Kalau kamu masih ingat, kalimat berandai-andai dalam bahasa Inggris dikenal sebagai conditional sentence.

Nah, conditional sentence pada fungsi ini adalah type 3, yaitu untuk menunjukkan kalau ada situasi atau kondisi yang seharusnya bisa terjadi di masa lalu. Jika digunakan untuk berandai-andai, maka pada rumusnya terdapat beberapa tambahan, yaitu:

If + past perfect tense + would/should/could/might + have + past participle (verb 3).

Iya, jadi sebetulnya tetap menggunakan past perfect tense, tapi ada tambahan rumus lainnya.

Berikut contoh kalimatnya:

Vincen would have helped you if you asked for it. (Vincen akan menolong kamu jika kamu memintanya untuk itu.)

Artinya, karena di masa lampau kamu tidak meminta pertolongan ke Vincen, jadi Vincen tidak membantu. Padahal, seandainya dulu kamu minta pertolongan ke Vincen, dia akan membantumu.

4. Berfungsi untuk membuat reported speech dan reported text

Reported speech adalah kalimat yang digunakan untuk menyatakan sebuah berita secara lisan maupun tulisan yang belum pernah kita dengar sebelumnya, dengan catatan berita ini disampaikan kepada kita oleh orang lain.

Adapun verb yang bisa digunakan adalah: said, told, asked, thought, wondered. Untuk lebih jelasnya, lihat contoh ini:

    The boss had said it would be a long meeting. (Bos telah mengatakan itu akan menjadi pertemuan yang panjang.)

    My friend told that her mom had changed to be a better woman. (Teman saya mengatakan bahwa ibunya telah berubah menjadi wanita yang lebih baik.)

5. Untuk menunjukkan bahwa suatu tindakan terjadi sebelum waktu tertentu di masa lalu

Nah, pada fungsi ini, kamu dapat menyatakan suatu kejadian yang terjadi di masa lampau sebelum waktu tertentu (spesifik). Contohnya  adalah sebagai berikut:

    Rina had established her company before 2008. (Rina telah mendirikan perusahaannya sebelum 2008.)

    I had fallen asleep before eight o'clock. (Saya tertidur sebelum jam delapan.)

6. Menunjukkan ketidakpuasan terhadap masa lalu

Kamu pernah nggak, mengalami suatu kejadian di masa lampau, tapi ternyata kejadian tersebut memberikan kesan tidak puas terhadap diri sendiri? Kalau iya, maka kamu bisa coba buat kalimatnya menggunakan past perfect tense. Bagaimana jika diterapkan dalam kalimat?

    The boy wished he had asked another question. (Anak  itu berharap dia mengajukan pertanyaan lain.)

    We wished we had purchased the winning ticket. (Kami berharap kami telah membeli tiket yang menang.)

7. Digunakan dengan tambahan (+ just)

Past perfect tense juga bisa digunakan dengan kata "just". Jika just digabungkan dengan rumus dari past perfect tense, maka akan menegaskan bahwa ada suatu kejadian di masa lampau yang terjadi beberapa saat sebelumnya. Contoh penerapan dalam kalimat:

    He had just put the dog on the leash when we got there. (Dia baru saja mengikat anjingnya ketika kami tiba di sana.)

    The bus had just left when we got to the stop. (Bus baru saja pergi ketika kami sampai di halte.)

➤Obligation, Permission Dan Suggestion.

1. Obligation

Adalah sebuah ungkapan untuk menyatakan keharusan atau kewajiban. Untuk membuat kalimat yang menunjukan keharusan atau kewajiban dapat menggunakan kata:

A. Must

must menunjukan keharusan yang dibuat oleh pembicara atau yang berasal dari diri pribadi pembicara.

Jadi must digunakan untuk mengungkapkan sesuatu yang bersifat khusus.

Pola kalimat:

S + must + V1

Examples:

- I must keep this important secret.

(Saya harus menjaga rahasia penting ini.)

- I must study hard.

(Saya harus belajar sungguh-sungguh.)

B. Haveto/has to

have to/has to merujuk pada suatu aturan atau keharusan yang bukan berasal dari diri pembicara.

Jadi have to/has to digunakan untuk mengungkapkan keharusan yang bersifat umum.

Pola kalimat:

S + have to/has to + V1

Examples:

- You have to pay school fee.

(Kamu harus membayar uang sekolah.)

- She has to wear uniform to school.

(Dia harus memakai seragam ke sekolah.)

have to digunakan untuk subjek:

I (saya)

You (kamu)

We (kami)

They (mereka)

has to digunakan untuk subjek:

he (dia laki-laki)

she (dia perempuan)

it (kata ganti untuk benda/binatang.)

2.Suggestion

Suggestion (Saran) Suggestions dapat digunakan dalam bentuk solutions, saran, rencana dan idea. Misalnya teman anda sedang dalam masalah tidak bisa mata pelajaran bahasa Inggris maka anda dapat menyarankannya untuk belajar bahasa inggris lebih giat lagi atau anda bisa menyarankan untuk kursus belajar bahasa inggris.

Contoh ungkapan yang sering digunakan untuk menyatakan saran (suggestion)

Let's ……… (Ayo....)

Why don't we ……… (Mengapa kita tidak....)

We could ……… (Kita bisa....)

What about ……… (Bagaimana dengan....)

How about ……… (Bagaimana kalau....)

You might want to change ……… (Anda mungkin ingin mengubahnya...)

I think ……… (Saya pikir....)

I don't think ……… (Saya tidak berpikir.....)

 

Contoh kalimat saran (suggestion)

Let's go to the library.

 Let's go to movies.

Why don't you do your homework before going out?

We could eat at home today.

What about eating at the new place?

How about going to Sam's place first?

I suggest that we call it a day.

Contoh kalimat respon dari saran yang diungkapkan seseorang

Yes, it’s a great idea.

I agree. It sounds great.

Yes, let’s do that/it.

Super! OK! All right!

3.Permission

Asking for Permission

Berikut akan admin sajikan contoh-contoh kalimat untuk mengekspresikan bentuk permintaan izin atau asking for permission yang digunakan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari.

 

4. Refusing Permission

Dalam kehidupan sehari-hari yang sesungguhnya, tidak semua permintaan izin atau asking for permission harus mendapatkan jawaban yang positif.

Kadangkala seseorang akan menolak membeRanin izin kepada orang lain untuk meminjam barang-barang milik pribadi.

Kalimat-kalimat yang mengekspresikan bentuk penolakan dalam Bahasa Inggris tersebut dikenal dengan sebutan Refusing Permission.

Berikut contoh bentuk refusing permission dalam kalimat Bahasa Inggris :

1.    No, sorry.

2.    I think you shouldn’t do it.

3.    No, you can’t.

4.    Please don’t.

5.    No, I think it’s impossible.

Contoh Dialog Asking and Giving Permission

Rani : Helen told me you’ve got a new book. What book is it?

Dian : It is about reformation. I’ll finish it tonight.

Rani : May I borrow it?

Dian : Sure. You can have it before I go to the college, tomorrow morning.

Rani : Do you mind if I return it on Friday?

Dian : Not at all. You can return it anytime. I have some other interesting books. You can see them.

Rani : Well then, May I borrow more than one book? and return them on Sunday or Monday?

Dian : No problem. But do not lend them to anybody else.

Rani : Of course not.

Dian : I mean one can borrow the books with my permission.

Rani : I understand. You are really a nice person.

➤ active and passive sentence

Active Voice

Seperti yang sudah kita bahas sebelumnya, active voice adalah kalimat yang menempatkan orang yang melakukan suatu tindakan sebagai subjeknya. Kalau dalam di Indonesia, verb dalam active voice umumnya diawali dengan imbuhan ber- atau me-. Misal seperti menulis, berlari, dan lain-lain.

Apa Saja Ciri-ciri Kalimat Aktif? 

Berikut ini ciri-ciri active voice:

• Kalimat active voice cenderung memiliki nada yang tegas dan jelas
• Kalimat aktif ditandai dengan subjek yang berada di awal
• Subjek diikuti oleh bentuk 'to be', verb, dan objek
• Dapat menceritakan dengan jelas tentang subjek yang telah melakukan suatu hal.

Rumus Kalimat Aktif (Active Voice)

Rumus active voice adalah Subject + Verb + Object. Dalam bahasa Indonesia, kamu bisa menyebutnya dengan S-P-O (subjek, predikat, keterangan).

Nah, kalimat aktif dalam bahasa Inggris paling banyak diungkapkan dalam bentuk simple present tense menggunakan verb 1 (base form).

Tapi, kalau kamu bertanya, kalimat aktif dalam bahasa Inggris menggunakan verb berapa? Jawabannya adalah bisa menggunakan verb 1, verb 2, atau verb 3. Artinya, kamu dapat membuat kalimat aktif dalam semua jenis tenses.

Ini contoh kalimat aktif bahasa Inggris (dalam simple present tense):

• We found a lost puppy in the garden.
  (Kami menemukan anak anjing hilang di kebun.)
• Lions adore beef.
  (Singa menyukai daging sapi.)

Passive Voice

Seperti yang sudah diulas sebelumnya, passive voice adalah bentuk kalimat yang menempatkan orang atau benda yang dikenai atau dipengaruhi oleh kata kerja (verb).

Ingat! Passive voice bukan semata-mata lawan dari active voice. Pasalnya, kedua kalimat ini memiliki struktur yang berbeda.

Kalau dalam bahasa Indonesia, kata kerja dalam passive voice biasanya diawali dengan “di”, kayak dimasak, dicuci, ditulis, etc.

Apa Ciri-ciri Passive Voice?

Ini dia karakter atau ciri-ciri kalimat pasif:

• Ketika kita mengubah kalimat dari kalimat aktif menjadi pasif, objek menjadi subjek.
• Tidak menceritakan dengan jelas tentang 'aktor' yang telah melakukan sebuah tindakan.
• Kita harus menambahkan 'by' pada akhir kalimat jika ingin memperjelas siapa yang melakukan sebuah tindakan.

Bagaimana Rumus Passive Voice (Rumus Kalimat Pasif)?

Rumus passive voice adalah Subject + to be + past participle (Verb 3) + by + object untuk kalimat simple present tense. Lagi-lagi, rumus bisa berubah tergantung kamu menggunakan tenses apa pada kalimat aktifnya.

Contoh kalimat pasif bahasa Inggris (passive voice):

• The romantic comedy novel Crazy Rich Asians was written by Kevin Swan.
  (Novel komedi romantis Crazy Rich Asians ditulis oleh Kevin Swan.)
• An old man was found dead on the street.
  (Seorang lelaki tua ditemukan tewas di jalan.)

➤ PHRASAL VERB

            Apa sih phrasal verb itu? Phrasal verb adalah gabungan antara satu kata kerja (verb) dan satu atau dua partikel (preposisi atau adverb) yang membentuk makna baru.

            Apa aja sih preposisi yang biasa dipakai dalam bahasa inggris?, preposisi yang biasa dipakai dalam bahasa inggris ada, in, at, of, off, for, with, to, up, down, by, without, DLL

            Contoh bentuk kalimatnya sebagai berikut :

1.    They lives in Malang

2.    She take off her shoes

3.    Serly doesn't want to sleep without her doll

CONDITIONAL SENTENCE

Atau kalimat pengandaian (if clause)

Sebagai contoh :

If I have enough money, I will buy that comic

            if clause                       result clause

            sub clause                   main clause

            (anak kalimat)             (induk kalimat)

➤ ADJECTIVE ENDED WITH –ING AND –ED

Kata yang memodifikasi kata benda

Sebagai contoh :

I feel so bored, this book is so boring

Akhiran –ed digunakan jika subjeknya adalah person (orang), kalau akhiran –ing digunakan untuk yang subjeknya adalah sebuah benda.